Most archaeologists spend time digging in the dirt or piecing together broken artifacts or bones in a laboratory, attempting to understand the past in a painstakingly slow process. But others use that information — and a little ingenuity — to recreate the sights, sounds, smells and tastes of ancient societies through an exercise called experimental archeology.
In his book “dinner with king tut: How rogue archaeologists are recreating the sights, sounds, smells, and tastes of lost civilizations” (Little, Brown & Company, 2025), author Sam Keane Experimental archeology delves into the overloaded sensory world of practitioners. Along the way, he learns to wield a stone tool like never before homo sapiens did, created an intricate hairstyle that would make a Roman woman proud, tattooing someone using ancient toolsplay one aztec ball gameAnd bake the kind of sourdough bread that King Tut once ate.
Keane spoke to Live Science about his book, which was a finalist 2026 PEN/EO Wilson Literary Science Writing Award and one of them was named The New Yorker’s Best Books of 2025.
Connected: read an excerpt From Keane’s book, “Dinner with King Tut”.
Christina Kilgrove: What attracted you to experimental archeology?
Sam Keane: There was a kind of conflict within me, because on the one hand, I really like the questions that archeology raises. There are some big, deep questions about who we are as a species, how we spread across the Earth, how we changed as we spread across the Earth – these are really important, big questions about human history. But whenever I went to an actual archaeological site, it seemed like the most boring thing I could imagine. It’s just people sitting in the dirt with toothbrushes or dental picks or whatever, picking up utensils, and it seemed very tiring to me.
Experimental archeology seemed like a much more vibrant, sensory-rich field because archaeologists are actually working in the field. They are remaking stone tools, making ancient foods. You can smell the past. So it was a much more exciting way for me to get into archaeology.
KK: Tell me about your research process for this book. Did you “embed” with archaeologists and participate in their experiments?
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SK: Each chapter is set in a different time and place, so you’re really immersed in a day in that person’s life. read a lot about traditional archeology and what we learned from it, because we to pass Learned a lot from this. But then I’ll talk to experimental archaeologists and go through the process brain tanning leather or running a ship on which they may have sailedAnd I experienced it as they were doing their research and experienced it more as people might have done in the past.
KK: Do you have a favorite experiment that you’ve learned about or a favorite archaeologist that you’ve connected with?
SK: There’s a man in Utah who built a trebuchet – a giant medieval catapult. It was about 30 or 40 feet [9 to 12 meters] Long, I think. And we spent a lovely day bouncing these huge garden stones around this castle, which they had essentially built as a stand-in for a fortress. And we just spent a day throwing these huge stones at this fort and breaking it and shattering the wood and trying to destroy this little fort. Pulling the trigger on this slingshot – it was just like this majestic dragon was coming to life, almost, as soon as it started tossing these balls. And it was like cracking the sling with a whip as it throws out the stone. It was a really beautiful memory, partly because everything worked out so well that day.
In fact I was wandering through much of the book, failing to complete projects or unable to figure out what I was doing wrong. And I think it was a good way to learn. I learned a lot from messing around, probably more than I would have learned if I had just gotten it right the first time. But it was nice when things went right sometimes. And the slingshot was a good example of this.
KK: It feels great! and in The piece we are publishing From your book on Live Science “dinner with king tut“You talk to people who used to Mummification techniques of ancient Egypt On a real human body. What did you learn from talking to these people? And did you get a chance to try mummifying a body yourself?
SK: Not my body, but I did a little bit mummification Self. I didn’t know this before I started writing the book, but the Egyptians mummified a lot of animals, a huge variety of animals, dozens of different types of animals, and on a massive scale. There they found a cemetery of like 4 million bird mummies. So in modern times there have been a good number of archaeologists who have tried to mummify various animals – and have succeeded, albeit the egyptians didn’t write much About the process. We don’t know whether it was lost over time or whether it was a kind of guild secret where they didn’t write things down. So they will do this to learn about the mummification process with animals.
But, of course, what really fascinates us about ancient Egypt are the human mummies. And everyone thought we couldn’t actually make a human mummy until two people did it in the ’90s. He was an Egyptologist [Bob Brier] And the man who was in charge of the Maryland State Anatomy Board [Ronn Wade]Who had to decide where the bodies donated to science went. They decided it was a worthwhile project.
The donor is unknown, but he was a 76-year-old man from Baltimore who died of a heart attack. They were making every possible effort to be authentic to this project. They went to Egypt to get minerals natron That they used to mummify him. They had ancient equipment made, and they went through all the steps that were known in mummification and turned this person into a mummy.
KK: Did these researchers learn more than what is in the historical record? What did he himself learn from doing this?
SK: This was a controversial project. People said, when you donate your body to science, it’s not a blank check that you can do whatever you want. Some people called it scary. And some people said they didn’t think it had any scientific value. I understand the ethical concerns, but I don’t think it’s true that we learned nothing.
One thing which is wandering in my mind and I wonder is how they used authentic equipment. archaeologists have found obsidian blades with mummies – They’re volcanic glass – and they found copper tools associated with them. So, when these guys were initially trying to open the body, it turned out that the copper blades they had were no good at all. They were not able to penetrate the skin and muscles of the stomach well. Obsidian tools turned out to be much better at that task, which surprised me. I never thought that stone tools would be better than metal tools. This is something we would not have learned if we had not gone through this process.
Plus, the mummy’s iconic appearance: it has backwards teeth and less hair and a tightly drawn forehead. The Egyptologist involved was Bob Brier, who had seen a lot of mummies and always wanted to know if they looked like that because they had been sitting in Egypt, in a dry environment, for 3,000 years, or was it the mummification process that gave them that look? And he said that even after about five weeks, when he looked at the body, he could tell that it looked like the classic iconic mummy. He said it looks exactly the same ramesses the great Him. So we learned things about the mummification process through this that we wouldn’t have known otherwise.
KK: It’s surprising that this controversial experiment generated new knowledge. You mentioned you’ve mummified something – tell me about it.
SK: I mummified a fish for the book. It was a fun process, and a surprisingly easy thing to do. You can rub oils, wrap them, Include short mantras Like they did then. But the basic process is just to use natron – which is baking soda and salt – and you just put the fish or whatever you want to mummify under it. Then it just works on its own.
KK: Then I guess the real question is, did you eat the fish you mummified?
SK: No, but it’s still on my shelf as a little memento. I collected quite a good collection of artefacts and things – I made stone tools, I opened and ate an ostrich egg. i made tapa or kapa —which is a kind of Polynesian bark cloth. So I got the chance to do so and made lots of wonderful souvenirs to take home.
KK: It’s so much fun! And your book is a little different from some other popular science books because you include these fictional stories based on archaeological and historical facts. In the introduction, you call them “a form of time travel.” Tell me a little more about why you chose this unusual structure for the book and what you hope readers will get from it.
SK: What I really value about experimental archeology is that it’s very intense, especially the sensory aspects of it. You feel – to some extent, at least – that you’re there and you’re doing the same thing that people were doing at the time. I thought fiction would allow me to take it a step further and really get into the minds of those people and live in the world they lived in. So you have to wake up where they did, eat the foods they did, and experience their society. Their beliefs in religion or supernatural or spiritual beliefs will not be subject to experimental archaeology, but you can do so in fiction. And so it allowed me to take it a step further, and it was fun to try and fun to write.
KK: Will experimental archeology be something you’ll cover more in a future book?
SK: I guess if I wanted to watch it again I could because there were other cultures that I decided not to include for various reasons. There were people working in ancient Greece, but that didn’t make it into the book. I have a chapter in sub-Saharan Africa thousands of years ago, but that was it cradle of mankind. I can definitely do other aspects of it too. There’s definitely fodder for another book, especially as these techniques become more accepted. It’s heartening to see that people are becoming more accepting of experimental archaeology, and even people doing traditional digs are now probably doing an experiment or two. So they’re not going as far as experimental archaeology, but they’re incorporating these practices.
This is absolutely fun area. I would really encourage people to get into it and try it out, because you can do a lot of the basic things Gather acorns and try to create a recipe Of them. or research an ancient Roman or Greek cuisine And try to recreate that thing – just little experiments and things you can do to get people excited about it and bring the past to life in a new way.
And I have a new book coming out in the fall called “Museum of Lost Things: True Stories of Mythical Treasures, Mythical Cities, and Mythical Creatures Vanished from History” [National Geographic, 2026]. It is about the greatest lost treasures in history and has some interesting archaeological aspects.
KK: I would look forward to reading that. Thanks for chatting with me!
Editor’s note: This interview has been edited and condensed for clarity.